That a scientific revolution may begin byand in psychology is
beginning to gain ground54.
Valter Roman considers that in psychology "one expects a
fairly important qualitative leap, which has been unduly ignored.
The question at stake refers to the decoding of creative
processes"55.
One such approach is to study the modes of brain functioning in
its intuitive play, which is recognized in modern science
as being paramount. Assuming that some of the procedures examined
by Ornstein and Deikman are objective reflections, it results
that intuition might psychologically range between the
ordinary mode of brain functioning, referred to as the action
mode, and a less frequent mode in the Western culture,
which Deikman termed as the receptive mode. Deikman is
more consistent in terms of scientific standards than Ornstein.
The receptive mode springs from the mystic, largely Asian,
experience: "To study the mystic experience some must turn
initially to material that appears unscientific, is couched in
religious terms, and seems completely
subjective"56.
Observing that the receptive mode developedunder a theological paradigm, which is
employed in order to interpretand organize such an experience, Deikman chooses a
scientificinterpretation, accounting for the mystic experience by "attentional
mechanisms in perception and
cognition"57,
by a deautomatization of the psychological structures,
hence of the mental structures in themselves. He shows that like
experiences do not prove that God or a transcendental reality,
exist. Much to the contrary, "the available scientific data
tend to support the standpoint that the mystic experience is aform of internal
perception"58.
To Deikman, the mystic practice is just one of the ways to breed
the receptive mode. If taken apart from mysticism, the
receptive mode is "a mature cognitive and perceptual state,
one that is not ordinarily dominant, but is an option that has
developed in richness and subtlety in parallel with the development
of the action mode that is our customary state of
consciousness"59.
Deikman holds that the receptive mode is
not a state to act upon the environment. It is a state to intake
the environment, being biologically related rather to the sense-perceptual
system, to the parasympathic functions. Under such a state, the
encephalogram tends to alpha waves. Relying on the evidence furnished
by hosts of earlier research works, he holds that this mode is
first at play in the child, providing actually the first states
allowing for a comprehensive "intake" of the environment,
and that subsequently the action mode is beginning
to predominate since this mode ensures biological survival. In
the receptive mode, it is the sensorial, and by no means the verbal,
which predominates. The fact that we eliminate the verbal is not
tantamount to saying that we have another receptive mode, since
we have seen that there exists also a non-verbal rationality when
we deal with images geometrically or by a physical sense. However,
we have already seen that we cannot say that no symbolism or no
particularly special speech is at play in the nonverbal mode.
To think in a speech does not necessarily mean to use
words60.
To Benjamin Lee Whorf, "the linguistic order embraces any
symbolism"61.
If by the receptive mode we may come to a certain knowledge
of something, if that something has a certain order, then this
must be subject to a certain mathematics and, hence, a linguistics,
even if these may be entirely new. Benjamin Lee Whorf alleges
that there exists a law-formation zone. He assumes this to be
a multidimensional space, which science has to illuminate. In
this space, multiple relations, involving also systematic structures
of the speech kind, would be at play, in forms akin to mathematics
and music62.
Nevertheless, Deikman avoids to admit of a law-formation zone.
He gives no prospects of the kind furnished in the Experiment
of Consciousness to justify man's action under the "receptive
mode", which is fairly distinct from the action mode. The
two modes cannot be taken for human activity and human passivity,
respectively. How could we know that the receptive mode precludes
action ? It would be better if the action mode were referred to
as the openness mode (towards the universe, and thenceforth
to the profundities of the material world). The receptive mode
would be better called the intro-openness mode (towards
the profundities of the material world).
In certain situations, the two modes cannot
be set apart. In this respect Deikman observes that while working
in the garden, one functions in the action mode only inasmuch
as it is necessary for gardening, but the receptive mode may be
prevailing.
Our "open", mechanical thought
must in all likelihood be supplemented by an "intro-open",
rather informational thought. The two "openness"
and "into-openness" modes might represent two complementary
ways to approach and understand the material world. These ways
should correspond to both our open and intro-open system features.
In-between these ways ranges intuition as a linking unit.
Let us also note that our scientific intuition might be rooted
in such a receptive mode.
For how else can we explain that Nikola
Tesla63
solved the problem of the revolving magnetic field, which is nowadays
the fundamental of modern electronic machines, while he was strolling
in the street and was reciting one of his colleague's poem from
memory ?
Deikman observed that "Accounts of the
process of creative synthesis show several distinct stages: first
a stage of directed intellectual attack on the problem leading
to a feeling of impasse, then the stage of 'giving up', in which
the person stops struggling with the problem and turns his attention
to other things. During this unfocused rest period the solution
to the problem manifests itself as an 'Aha!' or 'Eureka!' experience
- the answer is suddenly there of itself. The final stage sees
a return of directed intellectual activity as the 'answer' is
worked over to assess its validity of fit with the object world.
In terms of the mode model, the first stage is one in which the
action mode is used, followed by the receptive mode, in which
the creative leap is made, followed by a return to the action
mode to integrate the discovery with the object
world"64.
The receptive mode presupposes the
deautomatization of the intellectual states, which is tantamount
to letting things occur rather than make them to
occur. This is also called "passive volition"
state65.
Let us now examine the results of the receptivemode in the range of
spontaneous mystical experiments andin several experiments made to this aim.
We shall refer to thedata compendiarized by
Dickman66.
The general psychological context of the receptive mode is a perceptual
concentration which inhibits the use of attention for abstract
categories and verbal and non-verbal thought. Hence, the discursive
analytical thought is blocked and the mind is emptied of anything
save for one perception alone (an object, a part of the body,
an incantation). The thought is assumed to be in immediate perceptual
contact with a reality. This mode is considered to be
"primitive"67
if referred to analytical thought, and is obtained either by longstanding
mystic practices, either by certain drugs (LSD). However, this
may also arise spontaneously while listening to music or upon
contemplation of a natural landscape or under some abnormal psychological
states (schizopherenia).
Towards a Science of Law Formation Zone
41